The 4-Sphere model for an Alternative Metric in Cosmology
Proposing a different calculation for the Galactic Recession, we intend to show the opportunity to modify the Standard Cosmological Model ΛCDM choosing a new metric, other than FLRW.
Everything is described in 4-SPHERE FEATURE AND SPECULATION,
an essay that explores the opportunity to build an alternative cosmological model: The 4-Sphere Model.
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License:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License
4-Sphere cosmology: Epistemological considerations before speculation
As mentioned, the speculation concerns the Galactic Recession and assumes a metric tensor for the hypothesized geometry, from which it results that the Redshift of a galaxy, even distant, is of the Doppler type (verified through the measurement of luminosity distance with the data from observations of the supernova IA SN1995K at z=0.479).
It is capable of predicting distances of supernovae and galaxies much smaller than those of FLRW.
Unfortunately, I have not been able to find other observations apart from those on SN1995K. I only have this verification because, on the occasion of these observations, the publications of the time also reported the data of the then new B45 filter for HST along with measurements on the comparison stars, allowing me to recalculate the K correction to be applied in my distance modulus.
This single verification (APP. 1, 2 and 3 [*]) is the key to speculation. [**]
If I have made errors here, this hyper-bubble theory is falsified. Otherwise, the conclusions are still important because the historic observation of SN1995K is considered fundamental to validate Time Dilations and distances of the standard model, while my results challenge these conclusions.
To conduct new validations, we need to consider the new solutions offered by the JWST, such as its redshifted filters, which effectively behave like the theoretical filters described in the paragraph "AN IDEAL FILTER PROPOSAL FOR HIGH-REDSHIFT PHOTOMETRY" (App 3 [*]).
For example, for a supernova at z=1.0, the B band will be shifted to 450 x 2 = 900 nm, and I should use the F090W filter.
The fourth-degree polynomial I previously used should be replaced with functions—such as exponentials—that better approximate the supernova's decay curve beyond its peak, while still employing the weighted least squares method for interpolation.
The next step is to gather the necessary data, ideally including comparison stars.
If new observations were to confirm it, the difference between the stellar distances of the two models would be decisive in excluding one or the other, but not only that: the confirmation of our distance implies the confirmation of our expression for Apparent magnitude.
The consequences are that many scientific results which depend on the distances used (such as observations with gravitational lenses), but also only on Apparent magnitude (such as the "Tolman Test") would have to be revised.
[*] – These topics are described in 4-SPHERE FEATURE AND SPECULATION.
[**] – Even in future potential validations of supernova distances, I believe it is essential to maintain the approach described here and based on Astrophysical Journal Letters v.413, p.L105 - The Absolute Magnitudes of Type IA Supernovae. This is not only because it relies on computational tools accessible to everyone, but more importantly because it does not require knowledge of the K-correction during the identification phase of the sample supernova, ensuring that the result remains independent of the chosen cosmological model.
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